Paul Foot’s history of British parliamentary democracy, The Vote
(subtitled, How it was won and how it was undermined) is a fascinating,
provocative and disturbing read. In his introduction, he records
something his district nurse said, when he heard about the book Foot
was writing: “Yes, my mother used to tell me it was our duty to vote,
out of respect for the people who fought for it. I’ve always followed
her advice, but now I’m not so sure.” Foot calls this a succinct
summary of what the whole book is about.
The first part follows the story of the struggle for universal
suffrage, from the time of the English Civil War to the 1920s. Each
small progressive step was wrung from an unwilling Parliament by the
patient determination, and sometimes the violent protest, of ordinary
people. The ruling classes feared that extending the vote to all
citizens would threaten not only their power but also their property.
Since there were more poor people than rich, if the poor took hold of
the reins of power, what would prevent them from taking away the wealth
of the former rulers?
The second part tells the sorry story of how those fears were not
realised. Though universal suffrage was eventually won, parliamentary
democracy proved largely ineffective, because it was not matched by the
achievement of economic democracy. As a result, every Labour Government
throughout the 20th century was frustrated in its attempts to bring
about major change. Sometimes this was the result of simple betrayal:
when the common man entered the corridors of power he was so overawed
by the experience, that he sold out to the Establishment. This is
illustrated by the sad tale of Jimmy Thomas, a former engine cleaner,
whose interventions in the Cabinet, as a minister, included strenuously
urging his colleagues to hire the court dress they would need to accept
their seals of office from the reactionary King George V. Even when
Labour ministers were not self-serving, fawning toadies, they were
invariably prevented from keeping their election promises, by the
combined might of bankers, industrialists, and foreign currency
speculators, or by the unelected and unaccountable officials of the
World Bank or IMF. The old ruling classes learned faster how to use the
power of capital to manipulate parliamentary democracy, and defeat it.
By the end of the century, a ‘New’ Labour Government had virtually
abandoned everything the Labour movement once stood for, in its haste
to make friends with the rich and powerful.
Is it any wonder, then, that so many people are simply disaffected?
Their faith in democracy has been destroyed by the inability of
politicians to bring about real change, even when they wanted to. In
the last General Election of 2001, over 40% of voters expressed what
they thought about it all, by not bothering to vote.
Surprisingly, Foot himself concludes on a much more upbeat note than
this depressing tale might suggest. He recalls the words of his late
friend and mentor Geoff, who said, “If the revolution doesn’t come,
there is nothing much we can do about that. Whether it comes or not,
there is nothing for us to do but what we are doing now, fight for it,
fight for the workers and the poor.”